Track 1

Track 2

Track 3

Track 4

Track 5

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2011

TRACK 1

MAKING DESIGN AND ANALYSING INTERACTION

TRACK 2

STAGING DESIGN ANTHROPOLOGY

TRACK 3

ORGANISING PARTICIPATORY INNOVATION

TRACK 4

DESIGNING INNOVATIVE BUSINESS MODELS

TRACK 5

PUBLIC PROCUREMENT OF PARTICIPATORY INNOVATION

Copyright 2018 / PIN-C / PARTICIPATORY INNOVATION CONFERENCE

ABSTRACT: Brainstorming: Talk and the Representation of Ideas and Insights This article concerns the analysis of a brainstorming session, employing conversation analysis. This brainstorm session is intended as an activity in the process of designing a computer game for children. The session is led by a facilitator, who is instructed by the maker of a prototype of a product (NOOT).The product NOOT is designed to support the interactive development of ideas for products, and it is to some extent used in the brainstorming activity. The brainstorm results in an arrangement of post-it notes on a whiteboard. The analysis discusses different methods for dealing with the task of ensuring that relevant issues end up on the whiteboard and irrelevant ones don’t. Implications for the employment of NOOT in such sessions are then discussed. Catherine E. Brouwer, Jelle Van Dijk
ABSTRACT: Participatory Provocation? In this paper I revisit the provotyping approach (Mogensen, 1992), and apply it in a participatory innovation setting (Buur & Matthews 2008). Through a case study within the field of indoor climate I describe the implications for the approach when it becomes part of a participatory innovation process, next to the opportunities it creates. Laurens Boer
ABSTRACT: A Cost of Relevance Preferences During Interviews This work examines the interaction between a researcher-interviewer and a homeowner at the end of a short provotype deployment at the family home. Particular attention is paid to a period in the interview when the interviewee’s contributions temporarily diverge from the interviewer’s plan. An interpretation of the incident is offered which accounts for what takes place as an urge towards relevance operating at the narrative level – i.e. making sense of a sequence of interview activities - and at the social interaction level explained in terms of local conversational topic relevance. Janet McDonnell
ABSTRACT: Intersubjectivity: Interactional Trouble Sourcing and 'Problem Pictures' This paper deals with the notion of intersubjectivity in workshop activities. The analysis suggests that because participants need not be engaged in the same activities simultaneously, they are unable to monitor each others activities and contributions within the workshop at all times. As a result, misunderstandings, disagreements, lack of understanding and other breaches of intersubjectivity are not necessarily solved instantaneously, which in turn may lead to the forming of fuzzy concepts for design, a fuzziness that then later has to be resolved in order for the participants to reach a joint understanding of the outcome of the workshop. Jeanette Landgrebe
ABSTRACT: Triggering the Storytelling Mode This paper explores the issue of how to establish an interactive setting in which a ‘storytelling mode’ may be triggered as a catalyst in a collaborative design activity. On the basis of an interaction analysis of a design project’s kick-off workshop the paper identifies four triggers for the storytelling mode: narration, drama, material and interaction. The findings suggest that the storytelling mode may be fostered by intentional facilitation that employs these identified triggers. Tuuli Mattelmaki, Sara Routarine, Salu Yllirisku
ABSTRACT: The Making of a Mock-Up: A Story About How Ideas Are Framed Using Reality as Scaffold As part of a research project about user involvement in textile design we have carried out two Design:Labs (Binder & Brandt 2008) engaging different stakeholders in designing textile products for Danish hospital environments. In this paper we follow a mock-up session done as part of the second Design:Lab, where we meet a group working with the intensive care ward. Looking back at the video recordings from the session it became clear, that the participants continuously drew on elements from reality as they interacted with tangible materials and each other. We therefore claim that reality is an important element engaging in the hypothetical space of the Design:Lab, as it can function as a scaffold for ideas, ease the communication within the group, as well as help communicating ideas to people who have not participated in the Design:Lab. Tanja Rosenqvist, Elisabeth Heimdal
ABSTRACT: First Came The Egg: The Positioning and Shaping of Competing Design Proposals This paper explores how two competing design proposals formulated and proposed within a single mock-up session take very different routes through the process. Using the ethnomethodological method of Conversation Analysis, I illustrate the differences with which participants offer, shape (physically as well as verbally) and position each of the proposals and how these differences eventually appear to influence the final outcome of the design process and the participants’ evaluation of this outcome, so that one proposal is preferred over the other. Trine Heinemann
ABSTRACT: Designers and Stakeholders Defining Design Opportunities Through Co-Reflection This article proposes co-reflection as a workshop to situate design practice in its context of application and presents a case study done at the eLearn Center of the Open University of Catalonia. Co-reflection is a reflective practice. In the half-aday workshop developed, co-reflection was specifically tailored for group dynamics in situ. The workshop was the kick-off meeting of a design research project and involved both designers and stakeholders. The project focused on how to communicate and disseminate relevant information between members of the eLearn Center. The aim of the kick-off meeting was to define design opportunities by framing both collaboration and a design space. This double aim has been achieved by: a) exploring and framing a design space by reflecting on short design activities in situ, and b) motivating stakeholders to collaborate in the design research project by making them reflect on the expertise and interests they can share and gain. Participants’ evaluations have been used as feedback and treated as insightful considerations for further action research. Oscar Tomico, Iolanda Garcia
ABSTRACT: Abstract, Concrete or Hybrid Participatory Toolkits The paper describes the use of three-dimensional generative participatory toolkits for modelling different transportation device configurations in a participatory design activity. The activity was carried out with two different kinds of model kits viz. abstract and concrete in four different combinations 1) abstract-only, 2) concreteonly, 3) abstract-concrete and 4) concrete-abstract. The paper aims to enquire into different ways that these toolkits operate and attempts to highlight the significance of each type of toolkit for future design endeavours. Nishant Sharma
ABSTRACT: Investigating User Collaboration in Music Based Games This study uses a combined method for the analysis of social interplay/interaction among users (or players) in a multimodal interaction and musical performance situation. The combined method consists of a) realtime interface data analysis for the description and interpretation of player actions detected by the system and b) video analysis used to describe and interpret the interaction situation and the context in which the social interplay takes place. This combined method is used in an iterative process, where the design of interactive games with musical-sonic feedback is improved according to newly discovered understandings and interpretations of joint user action. For example: How do two people play together if they play music with a pen tablet interface? Can a sound based computer game encourage two players to co-perform and co-create music? This study investigated two players’ joint performance in relation to their mutual play speed, synchronization and mirroring of play styles when ‘drawing with sound’. Anne-Marie Skriver Hansen, Hans Jørgen Andersen, Pirkko Raudaskoski
ABSTRACT: Hearing Aids With No Batteries This short paper offers an account of ongoing research into hearing. I offer a characterization of 'skilled practitioners' from an Ethnomethodological perspective. The skilled practitioner in question is a generic 'hard of hearing' person. The ambition is that such a characterization, both in its making and its final state, may be an intrinsic part of design practices concerning the development of hearing aids. Dennis Day
ABSTRACT: Making for Participation This paper describes a making activity in a stakeholder session, facilitated by industrial design students. The purpose of the activity was to enable the stakeholders to gain insight into a particular issue of their concern. The paper reports on questions that arose from the reflections of both the students and the organisers of the module within which the students conducted their activity. Here, we explore: how can stakeholders be reassured and led in a making activity? And how important is it that stakeholders actually make, or are their verbal contributions just as valuable? The paper focuses in detail on an 18 minute segment of the described making activity that is also analysed by Nevile (2011) in order to facilitate a discussion between our and Nevile’s perspective. Stella Boess, Gert Pasman, Ingrid Mulder
ABSTRACT: The Real Thing Artifacts, Action and Authenticity in a Student led Stakeholder Session This paper analyses video recordings of a student-led prototyping session to consider stakeholders’ use of artifacts, a cardboard prototype toaster and a real toaster. Its focus was prompted by an observation that stakeholders treated the toasters very diff erently. Stakeholders handled the real toaster more frequently and for particular interactional value. Unlike the prototype, it could be physical and visible evidence to authenticate actions for design discussion, such as claims, descriptions, and demonstrations. Th e real toaster could be a resource to coordinate with talk relating to actual toaster features, functions, and uses, or to participants’ actual past experiences, or to make suggestions for specifi c design innovations. Maurice Nevile
ABSTRACT: Preliminary Notes on Grooming the Object The Example of an Architectural Presentation In this paper we analyse the use of a particular gesture during the presentation of an architectural drawing – a gesture, which we refer to as ‘grooming the drawing’. On the one hand, it is related to a practical concern of the activity at hand; during the presentation the architect works with the drawing itself and a transparent manifold paper on top of the original drawing, which enables him, and the coparticipations in the presentation, to comment and draw graphics “on” the drawing in and through the manifold paper. As the manifold paper is not glued to the drawing, the architect needs to make sure that the manifold paper doesn’t move relative to the drawing underneath. He therefore often ‘grooms’ the manifold paper to straighten it out. On the other hand, the analysis reveals that although this (also) is of a practical purpose it occurs in specific positions and to serve an interactional function. The paper argues that the manipulation of objects in interaction is not just of a practical concern within an institutional practice, but is embedded within the socio-interactional organization that constitutes the ongoing activity. Kristian Mortensen, Christina Lundsgaard
ABSTRACT: Story Telling and Riddle Games: An Ethnographic Enquiry About Museum Guided Tours This paper presents the initial phase of a field study, conducted to study social interaction mediated through objects as a learning practice in museums. The guided tour (highly regarded by museum staff) was selected as a starting point to understand how interaction and learning are entangled between guides and young visitors in relation to the exhibition content. Drawing on anthropological studies about play and object mediated interaction in different contexts, the paper argues that the guided tour is a form of objects-mediated interaction itself, where a narrative is being created through play. Museum artefacts can then be interpreted as boundary objects, creating transition zones among the participants’ different competences and needs. These data will also be used to experiment with the creation of new boundary objects together with a group of 9-10 years old children. Emanuela Marchetti
ABSTRACT: Props to Evoke 'The New' by Staging the Everyday into Future Scenarios The use of design artifacts throughout the design process is widespread, but they differ in purpose and use. In this paper, we focus on the use of technological probes in creation of scenarios of the future. The props are used as a central actor in a co-design workshop to evoke the future and open up the space of possibilities. We analyze the role of the props in the collaboration between senior citizens and project partners. Illustrated by different snapshots from the workshop, we show how the props make the participants enact and traverse between the known everyday and the transcendence of the future. Finally, it is illustrated how props play a central role in introducing the technology to the senior and how it makes them reflect upon the possibilities in relation to their own everyday. Signe L. Yndigegn, Maria Foverskov
ABSTRACT: Participatory Video and Design Examples from the Bespoke Project As anthropologists work to enable the participation of “subjects” in the co-creation of ethnographic insight, participatory media has increasingly been used in order to creatively produce and disseminate experience. In this paper we draw on both design and anthropological literature to contextualise the experience of the Bespoke Project, a community-centred design project in the UK. As part of Bespoke, community members in two disadvantaged areas were asked to contribute videos about life in the area, which was in turn viewed by a design team who used the material for contextual information and inspiration to create bespoke designs. Here, we consider the contribution that participatory video can make to the process of design ethnography, and the challenges and benefits of this methodology. Alicia Blum-Ross, David Frohlich,Paul Egglestone, John Mills
ABSTRACT: By way of Theatre Design Anthropology and the Exploration of Human Possibilities Such dualisms as between mind and body and between nature and culture persist in anthropology, despite recurrent attempts to dismantle them. The persistence of dualistic thinking can be attributed to a division between practice and theory that underpins the discourses of anthropology, as of every academic discipline, and that rests on the same ontological foundations. This project seeks to move beyond the practice/theory division and to develop scholarship that shifts away from retrospective description to responsiveness in the midst of engagement. I am approaching this task by studying with a particular community of knowledge-craft: research theatre makers. In their work they explore what it means to be human, taking the whole organism-person as their point of departure. For them, theatre work offers a path towards theoretical understanding that is as much practically enacted as discursively articulated. I aim to open up this approach from the relatively narrow domain of theatre research to address the broader concerns of contemporary Design Anthropology. Caroline Gatt
ABSTRACT: Innovation and Collaboration the Ida way In this paper we describe a global collaborative innovation process we have designed to create products and processes that will enable audiologists to increase their skills for communicating effectively with their patients. The profession of audiology has for many years been extremely technology driven, and many hearing care professionals, as well as manufacturers of hearing aids, believe that the time have come for a shift to more focus on the human dynamics of hearing loss. But they do not know how to accomplish this goal - and that is the raison d’etre for the Ida Institute. We have designed our innovation process as an answer to the questions: How do we foster a better understanding of the human dynamics associated with hearing loss? How can we change the mindset of a profession from technology-centered to peoplecentered? How can we facilitate interaction among the professionals in order to bring human dynamics to the agenda within the profession? How to ‘tangiblize’ this mindset change in the form of ‘tools’ that are useful for the everyday practice of audiologists on a global level? It is our aim in this paper to share the design of a collaborative innovation process that seems to work successfully. We are in the process of developing: a terminology to describe the process; an understanding of why it is successful; and an understanding of which parameters we can measure – and (to some extent) control. The Ida Institute has held 10 international seminars and created a number of tools that have been shown to have a positive impact on the profession on a global level. We believe that by describing the global collaborative innovation process we have employed to achieve these outcomes, we can contribute a unique and hopefully relevant approach to facilitating collaboration in innovation and reflective design processes. Kirsten Lauritsen, Villads Keiding
ABSTRACT: Microstructures as Spaces for Participatory Innovation Microstructures are networks that aim to solve persistent social problems in rural or urban areas. These are transdisciplinary networks of inhabitants, entrepreneurs, professionals, and academics who bind their forces to realize an ambition they share in the area concerned. They require small investments in governance which we expect to result in social entrepreneurship and self organisation. We developed a six step program to develop microstructures and tested it in Feijenoord, a Rotterdam area characterized by socio-economic, cultural and linguistic diversity, but in general inhabited by people of colour and low income. This paper describes the pilot, its theoretical roots, outcome, and lessons learned. Floor Basten
ABSTRACT: Creating Engaging Input for Design Teams This paper focus on how to create engaging content for design teams based on user research and video. Based on the work done by Blauhut and Buur a new camera style: the Cyclops camera is suggested. This style is placed in extension of the engaging camera style. The style allows more physical interaction, frees the observer from the hassle of operating the camera and allows for a more engaging first person view. Some guidance on what makes content engaging is suggested relating both to the process of capturing video to the process of editing and refining the output. Considerations on who to follow and how to maximize face time with scarce resources are given. Practical tips on where set up camp and where to linger to get insights from behind the scenes when doing field work in a medical setting. Rasmus Panduro
ABSTRACT: Project-in-a-day: From Concept Mockups to Business at Play In innovation work that spans various professional contexts, there is an overreliance upon verbal explanations and one-way presentations, as opposed to demonstrating, trying and performing. Organizing project teams across organizations and professional competencies relies upon creating active collaborative activities that allow participants to both move forward with the project, while reflecting upon how they work together. Innovation work involves not only discovering what could be possible, but also bringing novel solutions into practice, and driving the business to get them there. This contribution seeks to explore how staged role-play activities can raise practice-specific issues. The authors argue that by staging prospective project trajectories, especially at the outset of a project, the partner team members have the opportunity to orient their future actions according to potential desired and undesired futures. Brendon Clark, Madlene Lahtivuori
ABSTRACT: Nested Experience: Teaching Others to Engage Others There is a nested complexity to many participatory design challenges that can be overlooked in the initial stages. When we are teaching or training others to be participatory designers, we create a layered experience, which if we are not aware, can cause tensions for those people in the middle. It is the learners—who are both participants and guides for other participants— that must negotiate a dual experience. And we, as their facilitators, will be better prepared if we plan for it. This paper will describe a recent experience in which this tension became clear because we did not recognize the nested nature of the experience until we were immersed in it. I believe it is useful to imagine how to plan ahead for the nestedness of these experiences to achieve better results in the future. In the beginning of 2009, I, along with two other design professionals, specialize in teaching design processes to clients and were tasked with “training four new hires in user-centred design methods” (the client’s words) while completing an intense participatory project on a hospital floor, both learning and designing together. Hillary Carey
ABSTRACT: Expectations in a Participatory Design Team A human factors specialist gathered ethnographical data for a deeper understanding of diverse team expectations, high-level team behavior and work culture throughout a participatory design process. Expectation levels were high for individual team members and the overall team itself, although expectations from the team for upper management were uncertain and were rated low to very low. Additionally, the participatory design team showed successful multicultural team factors to include honesty, competence, commitment, communication, creativity, and clear expectations. Conne Bazley, Annelise de Jong
ABSTRACT: Improv Design: Troupe Designing in and out of Context New constellations of professionals seek to combine their expertise in the exploration of unknown solution spaces in areas craving innovation. This increasingly demands the experimentation of approaches that attempt to include the expertise of the various knowledge traditions and professional practices of not only project team members, but also the various users, stakeholders, and subject matter experts. Rather than looking separately at research (inquiring into current practices and theorizing about new forms of practice), design (creating new materials and services) and evaluation (subject matter expertise for evaluating their value in practice), this paper explores an organizing metaphor that characterizes these practices in their productive collaboration when engaging various contexts, whether use practice or production practice. The paper draws on a case of a multidisciplinary team working to support second language learning in everyday encounters to explore the “improvisational design troupe” as an organizing metaphor for multidisciplinary innovation work. Creativity is the ability to introduce change, whether that change is collective or personal or sudden or gradual. (Richard Schechner 1985:253) Basar Önal, Brendon Clark, Karl Lindemalm
ABSTRACT: Exploring the Role of Robots: Participatory Peformances to Ground and Inspire Innovation In performing collaborative scenarios of potential ideas, relationships from the future are brought into play as both objects for critique and enhancement. We see that a design anthropology that supports, facilitates, and provokes through these types of participatory activities as an essential shift from anthropology “of ” towards an anthropology “with” people as part of design processes, and as part of this transition relies on setting up a space for reflection of goals and interests within the project rather than instigating critique only from the researchers. In this paper, we introduce a welfare technology project and our early attempts at performing relations in the context of robotics and automation, assumed to be an integral part of sterilization work for medical instruments. We focus on several aspects of the project: relations between work within and outside of the project, the translation of performances towards deliverables, and the role of the researcher in such activities. Kyle Kilbourn, Marie Bay
ABSTRACT: An Experience in Organizing Participatory Innovation for a Medical Company I am an university researcher engaged in the field of participatory design for dedicated medical workspaces such as operating theatres and intensive care units. To gain experience with different participatory design techniques and test my own ideas in practice I try to get consultative jobs at companies and hospitals and use them as case studies. In my previous project I was involved in a case of a medical company developing a new medical appliance. It was clear that the new appliance would to some extent change the daily treatment practice. However, we did not know how the new appliance should be designed, so that the new treatment practice would be optimal. Consequently, I was assigned the task to design a setup for user workshops to explore the “ideal” Julia A. Garde, Mascha C. van der Voort
ABSTRACT: Multicultural Participatory Development of a Civic Social Media Service While social media has given rise to user communities and their active civic participation, the public sector lacks ways of involving citizens as co-innovators of public services. In this paper we describe a case study of participatory innovation of a social media service for promoting and strengthening immigrants’ civic participation. In our community-driven design approach several challenges were identified related to working in a multicultural and multi-organizational context facilitated by several researchers. Shared ownership is a necessity for co-innovation of social media service, but a challenge for effective design process. Our results indicate that the project was not only important for co-innovation of the new service but also for shaping the participating organizations and individuals. Pirjo Näkki, Teemu Ropponen
ABSTRACT: Towards Customer Centric Services Suspension of Expectations and Trust This narrative is written from the basis of experiences gained in working in collaboration with the City of Helsinki (later referred as the City) in a public service design project. The City has a new strategy where developing internal and external networks, user-driven innovation and business-friendly attitude are emphasized. The strategy has been implemented in three pilot-cases, titled as the Service Journey-projects, where the customer-centric and userdriven approach of service design, has been used for the first time. The aim of the pilot-cases has been in improving the public services for small and medium-sized enterprises and the actual execution of the projects has been carried out by two external service design consultants. The development of public services requires a cross-functional process. Kirsi Hakio, Tuuli Mattelmäki
ABSTRACT: Five Perspectives on Innovation Innovation typically involves cross-divisional, -functional, and -disciplinary collaboration when performed in large organizations. This paper explores five different concepts of innovation. The aim is investigate how different people involved in innovation conceptualize innovation in an effort to reduce misunderstandings and thereby improve innovation processes. A series of interviews was conducted on how innovators understand what they do. We identified five perspectives: an organizational, a technology, a user/consumer, an idea/concept, and a participant model. These mental models then can be used to start to bridge the different academic traditions in the innovation literature. They can also to help innovation teams make sense of their struggles with the aim to improve innovation practice. Aaron Houssian Kristina Lauche, Dzimitry Aliaseyeu, Richard van de Sluis, Pieter Jan Stappers
ABSTRACT: Aesthetic Understanding as a Part of Participatory Innovation and Learning Practice-based innovation can take place anywhere, anytime but in organisations, it needs input from several members of an organisation. Innovation refers to the employees’ and the managements’ renewal of their own operations i.e. development of new working methods, routines, products or services. This kind of renewal is based on learning in and through work processes within the operations concerned. (Ellström 2010, p. 28) In this paper we discuss how spaces for participatory innovation can be created in organisations. As a result we suggest research-based theatre as a dialogical method for innovation and learning. Our study shows that theatre, as an element of participatory innovation activity, offers methods for both expressing one’s own and understanding others’ worldviews, attitudes and behaviour. Tuija Oikarinen, Anne Pässilä, Suvi Konsti-Laakso
ABSTRACT: Hammaspeikko - Tooth Troll I Research Video Our approach to innovation follows in the footsteps of interpretative dimension of innovation which questions if there is a missing dimension in innovation research - they break new ground in the field of interpretation, based on cultural and communicational studies. Innovation is often studied only as a decisionmaking and problem-solving process. Innovation processes must also be affected with issues that cannot be ‘solved’ or unified in a logical, linear and analytical fashion. The interpretative view is not widely understood in the field of innovation, although it would provide the potential for new insights. The goal of interpretative innovation is to discover new definitions. This, participatory process of sense making, is understood to be a fragmented, ongoing, open-ended (and multi-voiced) process of dialogue which emphasizes interaction and communication. We assume that one of the vital tenets of the participatory innovation process has to be toleration of incompleteness and distance, as well as to withstand multiple viewpoints and a lack of universal truths – there may be no single ‘answer,’ rather multiple suggestions and proposals. Anne Pässilä, Tuija Oikarinen, Suvi Konsti-Laakso
ABSTRACT: Unveiling the Shopping Center Innovation Obstacles The shopping center - once considered a place for effective shopping - is in the midst of changes. Shopping centers are becoming more and more places for spending leisure time and doing activities that do not always involve shopping for products, i.e., shopping centers are becoming service-oriented. Developing services in turn requires that shopping centers will need to be increasingly involved with their customers and other stakeholders, to define value creation patterns for services. Participatory innovation is a promising way of gaining insight from customers and even outsourcing some parts of the innovation process. However, compared to a single organization utilizing participatory design, the shopping center environment presents new challenges and obstacles to the innovation process. The value network within the shopping centers is rather complex. Also, the business of shopping center management has in the past been mainly concerned about efficiency and logistics, with much less concern for services or promoting the collaboration between the different stakeholders in the shopping center. There is currently exists very little research on participatory innovation and its challenges in the retail industry. This article presents a case study of participatory innovation in one Finnish shopping center. The purpose of the case study was to gain understanding of what kind of innovations shopping center visitors are after, what kind of collaboration patterns would be needed to implement these innovations and what kind of obstacles to such collaboration exist. We found that there is currently practically no support for fostering the process from ideas into potential innovations. Teemu Ropponen, Sanna Uotinen, Riikka Hänninen, Archi Kivilahti
ABSTRACT: Co-Creation between Organisations and Consumers Co-creation, the new term for participatory design, is an emerging trend in design research, which involves users and other stakeholders in the design development process. The key question this research addresses is, ’How can organisations cocreate effectively with consumers at the idea-generation stage of the NPD process?’ A strategic framework was built using insights from three case studies, semistructured interviews with organisations in the UK, and observations from Action Research. Effective co-creation takes time and effort to plan and manage, but when practised with all the key elements in mind, as suggested in the framework, it can be of valuable benefit to organisations who wish to develop innovative products and services which better suit the needs and wants of their consumers. Julia Hamid, Youngok Choi
ABSTRACT: Research Methods for Understanding Participatory Innovation in SME In this paper the implications of different research approaches and methods are illustrated by using two projects of the authors. Both projects take place in the same context: exploring participatory innovation within Small-to-Medium sized Enterprizes (SMEs). The main aspects coming forward when comparing the research characteristics of both projects are the importance of time and momentum, the structural set up of the project, people or participants and the abilities of the people involved. The research goal and the background of the researcher are main determinants for the chosen research methods. We hope with this paper to make researchers aware of the implications of the research methods and approach on the results of the project. Christine De Lille, Mark Asboe
ABSTRACT: Different Views: Including Others in Participatory Health Service Innovation We describe our experiences employing experience-based design (EBD) to improve an outpatients health service in the UK and discuss the impacts of incorporating the voices of those not directly using or working within the service. We suggest that such new perspectives, experiences and expertise may enable the development of service innovations outside patients’ and staffs’ conceptual space of problems/solutions, but can affect the ownership and agency within the change project. To conclude, we propose a balance between accomplishing change and creating the self-belief to achieve it. Simon Bowen, Daniel Wolstenholme, Andy Dearden, Mark Cobb, Peter Wright
ABSTRACT: Innovation Process in Thai University and Animation Industry Linkage Every academic year, Thai universities have been producing graduate students to industry. In the context of Animation studies, students must present their senior project to committee and obtain their approval for graduating. A number of projects were submitted and many surpass the requirements. Unfortunately, these outstanding projects are simply neglected and that therefore become a waste of valuable resources as these projects can be further developed to commercialize in the industry. However, the linkage of University with the relevant industry does not yet exist. Qualitative approach was implemented to investigate NPD (New Product Development) process used in Universities i.e. senior projects and review literature regarding NPD process in the Animation industry to identify proper connection between both sectors in hopes to optimising existing resources and strengthening Thailand’s Creative Economy. Permsak Suwannatat, Pongpun Anuntvoranich, Achara Chandrachai
ABSTRACT: Open Innovation Projects with Universities as Seen from the Companies Projects are in the core of a present-day university. University-company -collaboration projects are an essential way of work and a part of national innovation systems. But what companies think of the collaboration projects? Why they still participate, even in the evaluations all projects do not appear successful. The aim of the research is to construct understanding about meaning of the projects from the companies’ point of view. The paper highlights the importance of social interaction and active participation from the firms’ point of view. The purpose of the study is to consider especially academic design projects as a part of national innovation system and an actor of collaboration projects. Kati Vehmas
ABSTRACT: Company-User Collaboration for Discontinuous Idea Impulses: The Cognitive Distance of Users This paper describes a making activity in a stakeholder session, facilitated by industrial design students. The purpose of the activity was to enable the stakeholders to gain insight into a particular issue of their concern. The paper reports on questions that arose from the reflections of both the students and the organisers of the module within which the students conducted their activity. Here, we explore: how can stakeholders be reassured and led in a making activity? And how important is it that stakeholders actually make, or are their verbal contributions just as valuable? The paper focuses in detail on an 18 minute segment of the described making activity that is also analysed by Nevile (2011) in order to facilitate a discussion between our and Nevile’s perspective. Martin Hewing, Katharina Hölzle
ABSTRACT: Mobilizing Local and Regional Knowledge for Innovation The aim of this theoretical paper is to contribute to an understanding of collaborative innovation in a knowledge based economy. The main theme in collaborative innovation we take to be mobilizing local and regional knowledge supported through research and education. The aim is supporting local and regional economic growth, co-operative advantage, social cohesion and sustainable development. Drawing on Systems Design Philosophy we apply a systemic approach to design, innovation and entrepreneurship in complex adaptive systems. We search for a theoretical framework for participatory innovation, with local and regional community building and have identified eight systemic methodologies which may be interrelated: (1) The PentaHelix Model; (2) Knowledge Based Communities of Practice; (3) Value Network Analysis for Innovation Potentials; (4) Generative Themes in Transformative Learning, (5) Social Learning and Narratives as Knowledge Enabling; (6) Knowledge and Fitness Landscapes; (7) ICT for Design, Innovation and Entrepreneurship; (8) Strategy as Guiding Principles for Action. We explicate our way of thinking through illustrations and descriptions, but recognize that we do not fully succeed with a theoretical integration. Our next step is practice – applying the methodologies in collaborative project which may allow us to unfold a coherent theoretical frame for our work. Martina Sophia Bach, Janni Nielsen, Thea Bruun de Neergaard, Leif Bloch Rasmussen
ABSTRACT: A Conceptual Approach to Facilitate Joint Creation Interactions of Product Design Processes Collective knowledge structures for co-creation can be achieved by a process of collaborative argumentation, organized in knowledge structures, and represented by knowledge models. In previous empirical tests carried out to collect and select innovative ideas from users and employees, an aggregation of ideas of individual contributions, but not a true collaborative creation based on those ideas, was observed. In our approach we propose a process for the collaborative construction of arguments, and a knowledge structure based on the integration of arguments in Knowledge Component Models and Knowledge Metamodels. Finally, we conclude that the work carried out to understand the interactions that take place in the social construction of knowledge structures helps us to comprehend co-creation and goes further than the simple collection of ideas, contributing to a quantity reduction of unconnected information, to the improvement of the quality of proposals, and to understand, not only what is proposed by users, but also why those proposals are important to them. José Luis Giraldo-Henao, José Javier Aguilar-Zambrano
ABSTRACT: Three Models for Transforming Knowledge Control/Sharing for Co-innovation Despite considerable exuberance about the value-creation potential of co-innovation, some findings expose a problematic ‘darker side.’ Without a transformation of the knowledge control/sharing approach characteristic of closed innovation some analysts suggest that co-innovation in unlikely to be successful. Our exploratory study was designed to draw on intangibles management perspectives in efforts to answer the research question: Why are some firms able to implement effective intangibles-based approaches for transforming knowledge control/sharing for innovation with external stakeholders while others are not? This work contributes to the design research field through providing a more detailed and nuanced view of the knowledge control/sharing transformation process with its ‘models of organizing for participatory innovation’ centered on human capital, structural capital and relational capital. Patricia Plankett, Christiana Parisi
ABSTRACT: Organizing for Participatory Innovation across Composite Boundaries and Collaborations Leadership and organizing increasingly require focus on innovation processes. The recently published report by OECD (2010: p. 10) clearly highlights that the financial crisis has only increased the need for innovation. The result is an intensified need for new organising across boundaries and collaborations aiming for higher returns on limited resources. The agenda is set to find out how organizing composite boundaries and collaborations can enable participatory innovation. A process approach relying on action research is employed in eight companies connected to an innovative course, which aims for innovation ‘turned on its head’. The main findings reveal an important contribution from designing flexible processes, which support participants to be aware of composite underlying assumptions and utilize collaboration with other students from companies with very different backgrounds. It reveals an insight on flexible participatory designs. A theoretical contribution is provided on the impact on variety and a practical contribution is made on how flexible designs can be organized for participatory innovation in companies. Tove Brink
ABSTRACT: Participatory Service Innovation in Healthcare: The Case of Video Consultation for Paraplegics Participatory Design (PD) provides a variety of tools and techniques for involving users in innovation processes. However, user involvement in PD is often limited to singular, face-to-face events supporting short-term rather than continuous collaborative relationships between users and system developers. Such a traditional PD approach is limited within a complex multi-actor context like the field of healthcare services. Based on an action research approach we developed a participation process, which builds upon open innovation approaches. It includes methods for Distributed PD (DPD) that use social media to enrich traditional PD methods, thus enabling users to participate in a distributed (i.e. virtual) way. We applied this methodological approach in a case study revolving around the delivery of video consultation services for paraplegics. The process and outcomes of participation were analysed through formative evaluation based on work psychological models. Our results regarding the combination of distributed, participatory idea generation with face-to-face scenario co-creation on basis of user-generated content show great potential for supporting continuous collaboration in service innovation. Julia Klammer, Fred van den Anker, Monique Janneck
ABSTRACT: Start With a Small Ball of Snow Meanings as Tools for Participative Innovation This paper presents results from an action research study into a strategic change process in an organization, which aims to establish new innovation practices through introduction of a new digital idea processing system. For the research we have interviewed employees in order to gather different meanings that have emerged once the new system has come in touch with actual work practices. The results are related theoretically to science and technology studies. Based on the results we propose a participative co-design method for providing a platform for the negotiation of these meanings. Juha Kronqvist, Anna Salmi, Päivi Pöyry-Lassila
ABSTRACT: Balancing Value in Networked Social Innovation Innovation increasingly takes place through co-operation. Even more so in the case of social innovation, where profit and non-profit organisations collaborate to create solutions for societal issues. For these innovations to become successful, already early in the process it needs to be clear to the participating organisations that they will be able to gain value in return for their investments in the creation of the service proposition. This means that, together with the proposition, a business model needs to be designed, that provides insight in the feasibility and attractiveness of the total proposition, as well as in the value for the various participants separately. Building on existing methods, a 5-step approach was developed to support the process of refining the overall proposition together with the participating organisations, and at the same time checking the balance in value flow for each of them. This paper describes the approach to balance value in networked social innovations using one project as example. Elke den Ouden, Rianne Valkenburg
ABSTRACT: Principles for Business Modeling with Novice Users Business modeling implies to frame the organizational knowledge using a particular thinking tool. Applying those thinking tools requires education and experience, i.e. expert knowledge. In participatory design sessions most users are novices to the thinking tool that is used. This paper identifies guiding principles for experts working with novices in participatory design sessions. We illustrate the application of our principles to business modeling approaches by examples. Alexander Lübbe
ABSTRACT: Sustainable Energy for Demining Operations It is very difficult for companies in the industrialised West to establish business in developing countries, both because of lack of knowledge of local conditions and procedures, and because there is less infrastructure to rely on. This paper describes a case of an innovation project in which four small, Danish companies work with an NGO and two university partners to develop a sustainable energy solution for humanitarian landmine removal in Angola as an alternative to the presently used diesel generators. I will discuss the challenges that face the companies, if they are to bring the project through to establishing successful business. The challenges include defining what the value proposition actually is, picking customer segments, building customer relations, and finding ways of financing and organising a joint venture. Jacob Buur, Winie Finnemann
ABSTRACT: An Open Innovation Platform Focusing on Development Countries The objective of the paper was to propose a new open innovation platform focusing on the special needs of customers in developing countries. Although technical infrastructures supporting the utilization of open innovation platforms have been developing rapidly in developing countries, there is a lot of unused potential as regards to using open innovation in developing countries. In comparison to developed countries, the business environment in developing countries is very different and customers demand different products and non-similar product features. Thus, the existing models for platforms can not, as such, be applied in developing countries. In the proposed new open innovation platform, direct contacts with the contributors were amended with contacts utilizing intermediaries such as nongovernment organizations and various social groups. Money for the platform can be generated at least from three different revenue sources: telecommunication companies, companies using the platforms, and website advertisements. Mokter Hossain, Ilkka Kauranen
ABSTRACT: Articulating Value Proposition Through Video Gaming Video gaming is emerging as a strong communication medium. As its adoption becomes more widespread, corporations that are looking at alternative methods of internal and external communications would benefit from participating in conversations facilitated by gaming. H.E.R.B. is an experimental interactive narrative that aims to communicate the unique value proposition of Servodan’s flagship Luxstat LED Luminaire system. Simultaneously, H.E.R.B. is also a proof of concept that suggests that there are other potential practical applications of games to help assist using the language of gaming. Kah Chan
ABSTRACT: Daylight Systems of Servodan This paper presents the case of presents the case of a Danish company- Servodan and the challenges that the company is to face with its new product called ‘daylight’. The case is based on the cooperative project between the company and University of Southern Denmark. The paper provides a general introduction to the company activity and product characteristic. Next, the background of the project and data gathering processes is briefly described. The evaluative part of the case opens with indicating the Servodan’s contingency and the core of the challenge that company faces. Subsequently, the base for an analysis framework is developed and ideas for value offer proposed. The case ends with a concluding questions and the invitation for further analysis for conference participants. Bart Wozniak
ABSTRACT: The NGO Herrgårds Kvinnorförening This case explores how a non-governmental organisation (NGO) of immigrant women, Herrgårds Kvinnoförening (HKF), living on social security could become an entrepreneurial group offering services and products based on their skills and competences. In this way they could challenge the role of immigrants in Swedish society, from being a burden to become a socio-economical resource. HKF has some peculiar characteristics that have to be taken in consideration in a successful business: they are strong as a group but weak as individuals and they have intangible qualities that cannot be externalised as proper skills. Another crucial issue for a possible business proposal is how to structure the relationships with the system of actors surrounding HKF that could support them in overcoming their weaknesses. The case has been developed using a participatory design process. Some prototyping and trying out of possible offers have been carried out using co-design methodology. Anna Seravalli, Per-Anders Hillgren, Anders Emilson
ABSTRACT: Using Extreme Sketching to Help Reflections on Business The paper presents extreme sketching as a sketching method that uses humour and extreme situations to aid thinking, talking and memory. The paper reports on two cases where extreme sketching was used to aid business thinking in small companies, specially focusing on how the sketches were used to inspire reflection in situ and how they were later used as memory aids and inspirational documentation. Mie Nørgaard
ABSTRACT: Digital Map Services for Outdoor Leisure This paper presents a collaborative project, where novel business opportunities for new kinds of map services are explored. The companies involved are facing a challenge: how to survive in the change of fundamental structures that underlie their business? The project will explore opportunities related to a new kind of service platform, which enables new places for organisations and users to encounter in fruitful collaboration. Due to the extensive complexity of the networked situation, good planning is very valuable in order to discover feasible business opportunities in the whole. The paper introduces the partners including their motives, the new platform, and the intended overall process. Salu Ylirisku, Jari-Pekka Kola, Hannu Lohi, Tapani Mikkola, Risto Pekkanen, Tiina Sarjakoski, Sture Udd
ABSTRACT: Multichannel Co-creation in Web based Environments The concept of user or customer coproduction (or co-creation) has been mentioned in the managerial and in the service design literature on several occasions. It has been discussed in the marketing literature because of its perceived importance as a tool for increasing customer satisfaction and product success in the market, in other words, converting customers into co-producers is a very powerful tool to generate competitive effectiveness (Kelley, Donnelly and Skinner 1990). In design literature, a strong emphasis has been given to the tools that can ease the access to participatory design by users and customers (Bødker and Buur 2002; Battarbee 2003) and improve their overall experience (Allen 1993; Cain 1998; Forlizzi and Ford 2000). Fabrizio Maria Pini
ABSTRACT: Design led Innovation - Exploring the Synthesis of Needs, Technologies and Business Models The term Design is used to describe a wide range of activities. Like the term innovation, it is often used to describe both an activity and an outcome. Many products and services are often described as being designed, as they describe a conscious process of linking form and function. Alternatively, the many and varied processes of design are often used to describe a cost centre of an organisation to demonstrate a particular competency. However design is often not used to describe the ‘value’ it provides to an organisation and more importantly the ‘value’ it provides to both existing and future customers. Design Led Innovation bridges this gap. Design Led Innovation is a process of creating a sustainable competitive advantage, by radically changing the customer value proposition. A conceptual model has been developed to assist organisations apply and embed design in a company’s vision, strategy, culture, leadership and development processes. Sam Bucolo, Judy Matthews
ABSTRACT: Collectively Staging Business Models Most current methods to visualize business models employ inanimate objects as representations of specific business model elements. Using people as representatives and staging collectively how an organization creates, delivers and captures value, one can produce a unifying picture of the business as well as fresh insights. Building on work by Osterwalder and Pigneur, this paper suggests the Butterfly Model as an alternative template for visualizing business models in up to six stages of construction: (1) basic staging to ensure a general picture, (2) the value chain and (3) the revenue model, (4) the business environment and (5) competitors to complete the view of an organization`s environment. In addition (6) a SWOT can be incorporated as well. Bernd Ankenbrand
ABSTRACT: The Business Modeling Lab This paper presents a set of techniques for modelling business in rich, tangible formats. These tangible formats were developed in companies and educational settings and have proven extraordinarily successful in initiating conversations about how to innovate business in cross-disciplinary and cross-functional groups of participants. Our aim here is to provide an overview of the techniques and the state of our research rather than a detailed argument for each of them. This is still work in progress, but the results are so convincing that we offer to publish although some of the factors that contribute to the success we cannot yet explain. Jacob Buur, Robb Mitchell
ABSTRACT: Cradle to cradle Implementation at Desso DESSO started out in 1930 as a Belgian manufacturer producing woven carpets in Oss, the Netherlands, for residential and commercial applications. In 1980, DESSO added artificial grass products aimed at the international sport market to their product portfolio. After being acquired first by a German and then by an American company, DESSO became independent again in 2007. Today DESSO has grown to be a multinational firm headquartered in Waalwijk, the Netherlands with over a thousand employees worldwide. [1] Johan Henk Maarse
ABSTRACT: Initiating Multi-stakeholder Innovation with Tangible Value Modeling In the initiation phase of multi-stakeholder innovation projects communication between the initiators and potential stakeholders, including end users, is of great importance. At this early stage only an initial set of ideas and concepts are available and the business models as well as the consortium of stakeholders have yet to be determined. Existing design innovation and innovation management research focuses either on the design of the innovative offerings or on the design of the innovation network and business models. The overlap between creating the value proposition and creating the business model has not received much attention. This paper explores the use of tangible value models by visualizing for each stakeholder the exchanged values related to initial ideas and concepts, to encourage the process of participatory innovation. Yuan Li, Kees Dorst, Jeroen Keijzers
ABSTRACT: Business Modeling for Early Entrepreneurial Ventures The main question in the paper is if participatory business modeling could help entrepreneurs in the early stages of their ventures when resources are scarce and all tasks need to be done simultaneously. The discussion in the paper draws on experiences from an entrepreneurial internship program arranged by the Norwegian School of Management and Oslo Innovation Centre during the summer of 2010. 13 master-students-cum-interns worked in start-up companies and were active participants in real-life business modeling processes. The stakeholders in this specific learning process were entrepreneurs, interns and supervisors. The paper raises the question if it could be possible to include formal business modeling methods to improve on the process. Furthermore, could it be feasible to include also other stakeholders earlier in the process? Sam Bucolo, Judy Matthews
ABSTRACT: Tracking the DNA of Public Private Welfare Innovation Public Private welfare innovation - contributions to the identifi cation of success factors of a new innovation paradigm Rethinking public welfare will be a major task for all European welfare stats. One approach to these challenges is to form public private innovation projects – making public challenges, private opportunities. Copenhagen Living Lab have worked with the public private innovation paradigm for the last 4 year, and recently concluded a short research project for the Danish Enterprise and Construction Authority (Ministry for Economic and Business Aff airs) on the topic. It’s not trivial to do this kind multi stakeholder innovation project across public and private domains. But organizing the innovation process around a shared interest in user needs will help… In this analysis we have investigated the challenges that PPI projects are facing, and searched for the key that determines success. Thomas Hammer-Jakobsen, Mie Bjerre
ABSTRACT: Endogenous Institutions for User producer Interaction in Public Procurement of Innovation Since the turn of the century European policy makers have been changing their focus in innovation policy from supply side measures to demand side measures and specifically on how public procurement can be used to stimulate innovation in the European Union. This is a response to increasing concern for how the European nations can maintain their competitive advantage and maintain their welfare in the globalized economy with ever aging populations. This paper is based on innovation theory and uses institutional focus to investigate public procurement of innovation. Recent work in this field has focused on endogenous institutions rather than exogenous and this paper deals with how endogenous institutions in the context of user-producer interaction influence public procurement of innovation. The preliminary results of the empirical studies cited in this paper suggest that the endogenous institutions in user-producer interaction need to be understood better in order to understand the institutional set up that enables public procurement of innovation. Rannveig Edda Hjaltadóttir
ABSTRACT: Exogenous Institutional Re-design for Successful Procurement of Innovation: the Case of the Public health section in southern denmark Within the European Union, public procurement is subject to Community rules. Under these rules public sector must follow transparent open procedures ensuring fair conditions of competition for suppliers. This study discusses how those rules, specifically, exogenous institutions, can enable or prevent public procurement of innovation in order to come up with the necessary implications for successful and/or more efficient procurement process. It should be noted that the present is a preliminary product from a Master thesis research which, at the same time, is part of the ProcSouth project. The study is based on empirical research material consisting of two case studies from a Danish scenario. The analysis concentrates on institutional barriers for public procurement of innovation. The central theme emerged from the uncertainty regarding methods and procedures to make public procurement of innovation work in practice. The concepts of innovation, public procurement and institutions are used as theoretical tools to interpret the data. Prelude results from the present imply that there are aspects to be improved for public procurement of innovation to be effective. Edelnora Gisela Abonce Perez
ABSTRACT: Building up Commitment at the Finnish Renovation Industry This paper illustrates a special case in public procurement of innovation: a collaborative user-oriented R&D project representing the ‘fuzzy front end’ of innovation taking place before pre-commercial procurement. The project called ‘IKE’ generated an innovation of resident-oriented apartment building modernization, which was revolutionary in the strictly technology-oriented and conservative industry. The proactive project strengthened the dialogical connection between public and private sector and built up significant stakeholders’ commitment to resident-orientation at the renovation sector. According to the case study, stakeholders committing to the user centred process innovation required three preconditions: technical and social pressures, interweaving stakeholders to a development network, and the unique engagement of residents and professionals in co-design workshops. Katja Soini, Turkka Keinonen
ABSTRACT: Conceptual Framework for Public Private Innovation Networks (PPIN): a Technological Perspective In this study, we investigate the conceptual framework for public private innovation network (PPIN) to figure out the basic components that lead to the implementation of an efficient process of innovation. Four main internal components are included to build the conceptual framework: 1) inclusions of heterogeneous public and private actors in PPIN collaborate or interact between each other, where each has his own preferences, knowledge and technological competences. 2) Dynamic and evolutionary interaction processes. 3) The interaction-processes (ties decoupling and fragmentation) are combined with the emergence of social network, which would lead to generate knowledge disclosure between the heterogeneous agents. 4) The innovation network follow life cycle growth model, where in each stage of life cycle a set of new interactions and innovation activities take place. In addition, organizational and institutional competences are presented as complementary factors to facilitate efficient implementation of the conceptual framework. Rabeh Morrar
ABSTRACT: Intelligent Public Demand Recent work has pointed towards a new age of innovation that is emerging and affecting both the public and private sector. To survive, companies must respond to finding solutions to global challenges, such as climate change and poverty, as well as participating in solving the welfare challenges that are prominent in particular in the western world. At the same time, the public sector must become more innovative in order to deal with the economic pressure on welfare services, and lack of warm hands. Intelligent public demand is identified as one of the solutions to these identified challenges. This article is based on the recently published report by FORA, Intelligent Public Demand and Innovative Public Tenders. By interviewing 40 people in public organizations in UK, Finland, US and the Netherlands the study conducted an analysis of leading organizations and their experiences of using intelligent public demand to solve major societal challenges. Two distinct findings emerged from the study: (1) major societal challenges and the desire to create a more innovative society means that intelligent public demand and innovative public procurement will play an important role in future innovation policies; and (2) further it is believed that countries especially in Europe can learn from the experiences described in this study and find inspiration to prioritize the use of intelligent public demand and innovative public procurement. Anne Dorthe Josiassen

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ABSTRACT: Brainstorming: Talk and the Representation of Ideas and Insights This article concerns the analysis of a brainstorming session, employing conversation analysis. This brainstorm session is intended as an activity in the process of designing a computer game for children. The session is led by a facilitator, who is instructed by the maker of a prototype of a product (NOOT).The product NOOT is designed to support the interactive development of ideas for products, and it is to some extent used in the brainstorming activity. The brainstorm results in an arrangement of post-it notes on a whiteboard. The analysis discusses different methods for dealing with the task of ensuring that relevant issues end up on the whiteboard and irrelevant ones don’t. Implications for the employment of NOOT in such sessions are then discussed. Catherine E. Brouwer, Jelle Van Dijk
ABSTRACT: Participatory Provocation? In this paper I revisit the provotyping approach (Mogensen, 1992), and apply it in a participatory innovation setting (Buur & Matthews 2008). Through a case study within the field of indoor climate I describe the implications for the approach when it becomes part of a participatory innovation process, next to the opportunities it creates. Laurens Boer
ABSTRACT: A Cost of Relevance Preferences During Interviews This work examines the interaction between a researcher-interviewer and a homeowner at the end of a short provotype deployment at the family home. Particular attention is paid to a period in the interview when the interviewee’s contributions temporarily diverge from the interviewer’s plan. An interpretation of the incident is offered which accounts for what takes place as an urge towards relevance operating at the narrative level – i.e. making sense of a sequence of interview activities - and at the social interaction level explained in terms of local conversational topic relevance. Janet McDonnell
ABSTRACT: Intersubjectivity: Interactional Trouble Sourcing and 'Problem Pictures' This paper deals with the notion of intersubjectivity in workshop activities. The analysis suggests that because participants need not be engaged in the same activities simultaneously, they are unable to monitor each others activities and contributions within the workshop at all times. As a result, misunderstandings, disagreements, lack of understanding and other breaches of intersubjectivity are not necessarily solved instantaneously, which in turn may lead to the forming of fuzzy concepts for design, a fuzziness that then later has to be resolved in order for the participants to reach a joint understanding of the outcome of the workshop. Jeanette Landgrebe
ABSTRACT: Triggering the Storytelling Mode This paper explores the issue of how to establish an interactive setting in which a ‘storytelling mode’ may be triggered as a catalyst in a collaborative design activity. On the basis of an interaction analysis of a design project’s kick-off workshop the paper identifies four triggers for the storytelling mode: narration, drama, material and interaction. The findings suggest that the storytelling mode may be fostered by intentional facilitation that employs these identified triggers. Tuuli Mattelmaki, Sara Routarine, Salu Yllirisku
ABSTRACT: The Making of a Mock-Up: A Story About How Ideas Are Framed Using Reality as Scaffold As part of a research project about user involvement in textile design we have carried out two Design:Labs (Binder & Brandt 2008) engaging different stakeholders in designing textile products for Danish hospital environments. In this paper we follow a mock-up session done as part of the second Design:Lab, where we meet a group working with the intensive care ward. Looking back at the video recordings from the session it became clear, that the participants continuously drew on elements from reality as they interacted with tangible materials and each other. We therefore claim that reality is an important element engaging in the hypothetical space of the Design:Lab, as it can function as a scaffold for ideas, ease the communication within the group, as well as help communicating ideas to people who have not participated in the Design:Lab. Tanja Rosenqvist, Elisabeth Heimdal
ABSTRACT: First Came The Egg: The Positioning and Shaping of Competing Design Proposals This paper explores how two competing design proposals formulated and proposed within a single mock-up session take very different routes through the process. Using the ethnomethodological method of Conversation Analysis, I illustrate the differences with which participants offer, shape (physically as well as verbally) and position each of the proposals and how these differences eventually appear to influence the final outcome of the design process and the participants’ evaluation of this outcome, so that one proposal is preferred over the other. Trine Heinemann
ABSTRACT: Designers and Stakeholders Defining Design Opportunities Through Co-Reflection This article proposes co-reflection as a workshop to situate design practice in its context of application and presents a case study done at the eLearn Center of the Open University of Catalonia. Co-reflection is a reflective practice. In the half-aday workshop developed, co-reflection was specifically tailored for group dynamics in situ. The workshop was the kick-off meeting of a design research project and involved both designers and stakeholders. The project focused on how to communicate and disseminate relevant information between members of the eLearn Center. The aim of the kick-off meeting was to define design opportunities by framing both collaboration and a design space. This double aim has been achieved by: a) exploring and framing a design space by reflecting on short design activities in situ, and b) motivating stakeholders to collaborate in the design research project by making them reflect on the expertise and interests they can share and gain. Participants’ evaluations have been used as feedback and treated as insightful considerations for further action research. Oscar Tomico, Iolanda Garcia
ABSTRACT: Abstract, Concrete or Hybrid Participatory Toolkits The paper describes the use of three-dimensional generative participatory toolkits for modelling different transportation device configurations in a participatory design activity. The activity was carried out with two different kinds of model kits viz. abstract and concrete in four different combinations 1) abstract-only, 2) concreteonly, 3) abstract-concrete and 4) concrete-abstract. The paper aims to enquire into different ways that these toolkits operate and attempts to highlight the significance of each type of toolkit for future design endeavours. Nishant Sharma
ABSTRACT: Investigating User Collaboration in Music Based Games This study uses a combined method for the analysis of social interplay/interaction among users (or players) in a multimodal interaction and musical performance situation. The combined method consists of a) realtime interface data analysis for the description and interpretation of player actions detected by the system and b) video analysis used to describe and interpret the interaction situation and the context in which the social interplay takes place. This combined method is used in an iterative process, where the design of interactive games with musical-sonic feedback is improved according to newly discovered understandings and interpretations of joint user action. For example: How do two people play together if they play music with a pen tablet interface? Can a sound based computer game encourage two players to co-perform and co-create music? This study investigated two players’ joint performance in relation to their mutual play speed, synchronization and mirroring of play styles when ‘drawing with sound’. Anne-Marie Skriver Hansen, Hans Jørgen Andersen, Pirkko Raudaskoski
ABSTRACT: Hearing Aids With No Batteries This short paper offers an account of ongoing research into hearing. I offer a characterization of 'skilled practitioners' from an Ethnomethodological perspective. The skilled practitioner in question is a generic 'hard of hearing' person. The ambition is that such a characterization, both in its making and its final state, may be an intrinsic part of design practices concerning the development of hearing aids. Dennis Day
ABSTRACT: Making for Participation This paper describes a making activity in a stakeholder session, facilitated by industrial design students. The purpose of the activity was to enable the stakeholders to gain insight into a particular issue of their concern. The paper reports on questions that arose from the reflections of both the students and the organisers of the module within which the students conducted their activity. Here, we explore: how can stakeholders be reassured and led in a making activity? And how important is it that stakeholders actually make, or are their verbal contributions just as valuable? The paper focuses in detail on an 18 minute segment of the described making activity that is also analysed by Nevile (2011) in order to facilitate a discussion between our and Nevile’s perspective. Stella Boess, Gert Pasman, Ingrid Mulder
ABSTRACT: The Real Thing Artifacts, Action and Authenticity in a Student led Stakeholder Session This paper analyses video recordings of a student-led prototyping session to consider stakeholders’ use of artifacts, a cardboard prototype toaster and a real toaster. Its focus was prompted by an observation that stakeholders treated the toasters very diff erently. Stakeholders handled the real toaster more frequently and for particular interactional value. Unlike the prototype, it could be physical and visible evidence to authenticate actions for design discussion, such as claims, descriptions, and demonstrations. Th e real toaster could be a resource to coordinate with talk relating to actual toaster features, functions, and uses, or to participants’ actual past experiences, or to make suggestions for specifi c design innovations. Maurice Nevile
ABSTRACT: Preliminary Notes on Grooming the Object The Example of an Architectural Presentation In this paper we analyse the use of a particular gesture during the presentation of an architectural drawing – a gesture, which we refer to as ‘grooming the drawing’. On the one hand, it is related to a practical concern of the activity at hand; during the presentation the architect works with the drawing itself and a transparent manifold paper on top of the original drawing, which enables him, and the coparticipations in the presentation, to comment and draw graphics “on” the drawing in and through the manifold paper. As the manifold paper is not glued to the drawing, the architect needs to make sure that the manifold paper doesn’t move relative to the drawing underneath. He therefore often ‘grooms’ the manifold paper to straighten it out. On the other hand, the analysis reveals that although this (also) is of a practical purpose it occurs in specific positions and to serve an interactional function. The paper argues that the manipulation of objects in interaction is not just of a practical concern within an institutional practice, but is embedded within the socio-interactional organization that constitutes the ongoing activity. Kristian Mortensen, Christina Lundsgaard
ABSTRACT: Story Telling and Riddle Games: An Ethnographic Enquiry About Museum Guided Tours This paper presents the initial phase of a field study, conducted to study social interaction mediated through objects as a learning practice in museums. The guided tour (highly regarded by museum staff) was selected as a starting point to understand how interaction and learning are entangled between guides and young visitors in relation to the exhibition content. Drawing on anthropological studies about play and object mediated interaction in different contexts, the paper argues that the guided tour is a form of objects-mediated interaction itself, where a narrative is being created through play. Museum artefacts can then be interpreted as boundary objects, creating transition zones among the participants’ different competences and needs. These data will also be used to experiment with the creation of new boundary objects together with a group of 9-10 years old children. Emanuela Marchetti
ABSTRACT: Props to Evoke 'The New' by Staging the Everyday into Future Scenarios The use of design artifacts throughout the design process is widespread, but they differ in purpose and use. In this paper, we focus on the use of technological probes in creation of scenarios of the future. The props are used as a central actor in a co-design workshop to evoke the future and open up the space of possibilities. We analyze the role of the props in the collaboration between senior citizens and project partners. Illustrated by different snapshots from the workshop, we show how the props make the participants enact and traverse between the known everyday and the transcendence of the future. Finally, it is illustrated how props play a central role in introducing the technology to the senior and how it makes them reflect upon the possibilities in relation to their own everyday. Signe L. Yndigegn, Maria Foverskov
ABSTRACT: Participatory Video and Design Examples from the Bespoke Project As anthropologists work to enable the participation of “subjects” in the co-creation of ethnographic insight, participatory media has increasingly been used in order to creatively produce and disseminate experience. In this paper we draw on both design and anthropological literature to contextualise the experience of the Bespoke Project, a community-centred design project in the UK. As part of Bespoke, community members in two disadvantaged areas were asked to contribute videos about life in the area, which was in turn viewed by a design team who used the material for contextual information and inspiration to create bespoke designs. Here, we consider the contribution that participatory video can make to the process of design ethnography, and the challenges and benefits of this methodology. Alicia Blum-Ross, David Frohlich,Paul Egglestone, John Mills
ABSTRACT: By way of Theatre Design Anthropology and the Exploration of Human Possibilities Such dualisms as between mind and body and between nature and culture persist in anthropology, despite recurrent attempts to dismantle them. The persistence of dualistic thinking can be attributed to a division between practice and theory that underpins the discourses of anthropology, as of every academic discipline, and that rests on the same ontological foundations. This project seeks to move beyond the practice/theory division and to develop scholarship that shifts away from retrospective description to responsiveness in the midst of engagement. I am approaching this task by studying with a particular community of knowledge-craft: research theatre makers. In their work they explore what it means to be human, taking the whole organism-person as their point of departure. For them, theatre work offers a path towards theoretical understanding that is as much practically enacted as discursively articulated. I aim to open up this approach from the relatively narrow domain of theatre research to address the broader concerns of contemporary Design Anthropology. Caroline Gatt
ABSTRACT: Innovation and Collaboration the Ida way In this paper we describe a global collaborative innovation process we have designed to create products and processes that will enable audiologists to increase their skills for communicating effectively with their patients. The profession of audiology has for many years been extremely technology driven, and many hearing care professionals, as well as manufacturers of hearing aids, believe that the time have come for a shift to more focus on the human dynamics of hearing loss. But they do not know how to accomplish this goal - and that is the raison d’etre for the Ida Institute. We have designed our innovation process as an answer to the questions: How do we foster a better understanding of the human dynamics associated with hearing loss? How can we change the mindset of a profession from technology-centered to peoplecentered? How can we facilitate interaction among the professionals in order to bring human dynamics to the agenda within the profession? How to ‘tangiblize’ this mindset change in the form of ‘tools’ that are useful for the everyday practice of audiologists on a global level? It is our aim in this paper to share the design of a collaborative innovation process that seems to work successfully. We are in the process of developing: a terminology to describe the process; an understanding of why it is successful; and an understanding of which parameters we can measure – and (to some extent) control. The Ida Institute has held 10 international seminars and created a number of tools that have been shown to have a positive impact on the profession on a global level. We believe that by describing the global collaborative innovation process we have employed to achieve these outcomes, we can contribute a unique and hopefully relevant approach to facilitating collaboration in innovation and reflective design processes. Kirsten Lauritsen, Villads Keiding
ABSTRACT: Microstructures as Spaces for Participatory Innovation Microstructures are networks that aim to solve persistent social problems in rural or urban areas. These are transdisciplinary networks of inhabitants, entrepreneurs, professionals, and academics who bind their forces to realize an ambition they share in the area concerned. They require small investments in governance which we expect to result in social entrepreneurship and self organisation. We developed a six step program to develop microstructures and tested it in Feijenoord, a Rotterdam area characterized by socio-economic, cultural and linguistic diversity, but in general inhabited by people of colour and low income. This paper describes the pilot, its theoretical roots, outcome, and lessons learned. Floor Basten
ABSTRACT: Creating Engaging Input for Design Teams This paper focus on how to create engaging content for design teams based on user research and video. Based on the work done by Blauhut and Buur a new camera style: the Cyclops camera is suggested. This style is placed in extension of the engaging camera style. The style allows more physical interaction, frees the observer from the hassle of operating the camera and allows for a more engaging first person view. Some guidance on what makes content engaging is suggested relating both to the process of capturing video to the process of editing and refining the output. Considerations on who to follow and how to maximize face time with scarce resources are given. Practical tips on where set up camp and where to linger to get insights from behind the scenes when doing field work in a medical setting. Rasmus Panduro
ABSTRACT: Project-in-a-day: From Concept Mockups to Business at Play In innovation work that spans various professional contexts, there is an overreliance upon verbal explanations and one-way presentations, as opposed to demonstrating, trying and performing. Organizing project teams across organizations and professional competencies relies upon creating active collaborative activities that allow participants to both move forward with the project, while reflecting upon how they work together. Innovation work involves not only discovering what could be possible, but also bringing novel solutions into practice, and driving the business to get them there. This contribution seeks to explore how staged role-play activities can raise practice-specific issues. The authors argue that by staging prospective project trajectories, especially at the outset of a project, the partner team members have the opportunity to orient their future actions according to potential desired and undesired futures. Brendon Clark, Madlene Lahtivuori
ABSTRACT: Nested Experience: Teaching Others to Engage Others There is a nested complexity to many participatory design challenges that can be overlooked in the initial stages. When we are teaching or training others to be participatory designers, we create a layered experience, which if we are not aware, can cause tensions for those people in the middle. It is the learners—who are both participants and guides for other participants— that must negotiate a dual experience. And we, as their facilitators, will be better prepared if we plan for it. This paper will describe a recent experience in which this tension became clear because we did not recognize the nested nature of the experience until we were immersed in it. I believe it is useful to imagine how to plan ahead for the nestedness of these experiences to achieve better results in the future. In the beginning of 2009, I, along with two other design professionals, specialize in teaching design processes to clients and were tasked with “training four new hires in user-centred design methods” (the client’s words) while completing an intense participatory project on a hospital floor, both learning and designing together. Hillary Carey
ABSTRACT: Expectations in a Participatory Design Team A human factors specialist gathered ethnographical data for a deeper understanding of diverse team expectations, high-level team behavior and work culture throughout a participatory design process. Expectation levels were high for individual team members and the overall team itself, although expectations from the team for upper management were uncertain and were rated low to very low. Additionally, the participatory design team showed successful multicultural team factors to include honesty, competence, commitment, communication, creativity, and clear expectations. Conne Bazley, Annelise de Jong
ABSTRACT: Improv Design: Troupe Designing in and out of Context New constellations of professionals seek to combine their expertise in the exploration of unknown solution spaces in areas craving innovation. This increasingly demands the experimentation of approaches that attempt to include the expertise of the various knowledge traditions and professional practices of not only project team members, but also the various users, stakeholders, and subject matter experts. Rather than looking separately at research (inquiring into current practices and theorizing about new forms of practice), design (creating new materials and services) and evaluation (subject matter expertise for evaluating their value in practice), this paper explores an organizing metaphor that characterizes these practices in their productive collaboration when engaging various contexts, whether use practice or production practice. The paper draws on a case of a multidisciplinary team working to support second language learning in everyday encounters to explore the “improvisational design troupe” as an organizing metaphor for multidisciplinary innovation work. Creativity is the ability to introduce change, whether that change is collective or personal or sudden or gradual. (Richard Schechner 1985:253) Basar Önal, Brendon Clark, Karl Lindemalm
ABSTRACT: Exploring the Role of Robots: Participatory Peformances to Ground and Inspire Innovation In performing collaborative scenarios of potential ideas, relationships from the future are brought into play as both objects for critique and enhancement. We see that a design anthropology that supports, facilitates, and provokes through these types of participatory activities as an essential shift from anthropology “of ” towards an anthropology “with” people as part of design processes, and as part of this transition relies on setting up a space for reflection of goals and interests within the project rather than instigating critique only from the researchers. In this paper, we introduce a welfare technology project and our early attempts at performing relations in the context of robotics and automation, assumed to be an integral part of sterilization work for medical instruments. We focus on several aspects of the project: relations between work within and outside of the project, the translation of performances towards deliverables, and the role of the researcher in such activities. Kyle Kilbourn, Marie Bay
ABSTRACT: An Experience in Organizing Participatory Innovation for a Medical Company I am an university researcher engaged in the field of participatory design for dedicated medical workspaces such as operating theatres and intensive care units. To gain experience with different participatory design techniques and test my own ideas in practice I try to get consultative jobs at companies and hospitals and use them as case studies. In my previous project I was involved in a case of a medical company developing a new medical appliance. It was clear that the new appliance would to some extent change the daily treatment practice. However, we did not know how the new appliance should be designed, so that the new treatment practice would be optimal. Consequently, I was assigned the task to design a setup for user workshops to explore the “ideal” Julia A. Garde, Mascha C. van der Voort
ABSTRACT: Multicultural Participatory Development of a Civic Social Media Service While social media has given rise to user communities and their active civic participation, the public sector lacks ways of involving citizens as co-innovators of public services. In this paper we describe a case study of participatory innovation of a social media service for promoting and strengthening immigrants’ civic participation. In our community-driven design approach several challenges were identified related to working in a multicultural and multi-organizational context facilitated by several researchers. Shared ownership is a necessity for co-innovation of social media service, but a challenge for effective design process. Our results indicate that the project was not only important for co-innovation of the new service but also for shaping the participating organizations and individuals. Pirjo Näkki, Teemu Ropponen
ABSTRACT: Towards Customer Centric Services Suspension of Expectations and Trust This narrative is written from the basis of experiences gained in working in collaboration with the City of Helsinki (later referred as the City) in a public service design project. The City has a new strategy where developing internal and external networks, user-driven innovation and business-friendly attitude are emphasized. The strategy has been implemented in three pilot-cases, titled as the Service Journey-projects, where the customer-centric and userdriven approach of service design, has been used for the first time. The aim of the pilot-cases has been in improving the public services for small and medium-sized enterprises and the actual execution of the projects has been carried out by two external service design consultants. The development of public services requires a cross-functional process. Kirsi Hakio, Tuuli Mattelmäki
ABSTRACT: Five Perspectives on Innovation Innovation typically involves cross-divisional, -functional, and -disciplinary collaboration when performed in large organizations. This paper explores five different concepts of innovation. The aim is investigate how different people involved in innovation conceptualize innovation in an effort to reduce misunderstandings and thereby improve innovation processes. A series of interviews was conducted on how innovators understand what they do. We identified five perspectives: an organizational, a technology, a user/consumer, an idea/concept, and a participant model. These mental models then can be used to start to bridge the different academic traditions in the innovation literature. They can also to help innovation teams make sense of their struggles with the aim to improve innovation practice. Aaron Houssian Kristina Lauche, Dzimitry Aliaseyeu, Richard van de Sluis, Pieter Jan Stappers
ABSTRACT: Aesthetic Understanding as a Part of Participatory Innovation and Learning Practice-based innovation can take place anywhere, anytime but in organisations, it needs input from several members of an organisation. Innovation refers to the employees’ and the managements’ renewal of their own operations i.e. development of new working methods, routines, products or services. This kind of renewal is based on learning in and through work processes within the operations concerned. (Ellström 2010, p. 28) In this paper we discuss how spaces for participatory innovation can be created in organisations. As a result we suggest research-based theatre as a dialogical method for innovation and learning. Our study shows that theatre, as an element of participatory innovation activity, offers methods for both expressing one’s own and understanding others’ worldviews, attitudes and behaviour. Tuija Oikarinen, Anne Pässilä, Suvi Konsti-Laakso
ABSTRACT: Hammaspeikko - Tooth Troll I Research Video Our approach to innovation follows in the footsteps of interpretative dimension of innovation which questions if there is a missing dimension in innovation research - they break new ground in the field of interpretation, based on cultural and communicational studies. Innovation is often studied only as a decisionmaking and problem-solving process. Innovation processes must also be affected with issues that cannot be ‘solved’ or unified in a logical, linear and analytical fashion. The interpretative view is not widely understood in the field of innovation, although it would provide the potential for new insights. The goal of interpretative innovation is to discover new definitions. This, participatory process of sense making, is understood to be a fragmented, ongoing, open-ended (and multi-voiced) process of dialogue which emphasizes interaction and communication. We assume that one of the vital tenets of the participatory innovation process has to be toleration of incompleteness and distance, as well as to withstand multiple viewpoints and a lack of universal truths – there may be no single ‘answer,’ rather multiple suggestions and proposals. Anne Pässilä, Tuija Oikarinen, Suvi Konsti-Laakso
ABSTRACT: Unveiling the Shopping Center Innovation Obstacles The shopping center - once considered a place for effective shopping - is in the midst of changes. Shopping centers are becoming more and more places for spending leisure time and doing activities that do not always involve shopping for products, i.e., shopping centers are becoming service-oriented. Developing services in turn requires that shopping centers will need to be increasingly involved with their customers and other stakeholders, to define value creation patterns for services. Participatory innovation is a promising way of gaining insight from customers and even outsourcing some parts of the innovation process. However, compared to a single organization utilizing participatory design, the shopping center environment presents new challenges and obstacles to the innovation process. The value network within the shopping centers is rather complex. Also, the business of shopping center management has in the past been mainly concerned about efficiency and logistics, with much less concern for services or promoting the collaboration between the different stakeholders in the shopping center. There is currently exists very little research on participatory innovation and its challenges in the retail industry. This article presents a case study of participatory innovation in one Finnish shopping center. The purpose of the case study was to gain understanding of what kind of innovations shopping center visitors are after, what kind of collaboration patterns would be needed to implement these innovations and what kind of obstacles to such collaboration exist. We found that there is currently practically no support for fostering the process from ideas into potential innovations. Teemu Ropponen, Sanna Uotinen, Riikka Hänninen, Archi Kivilahti
ABSTRACT: Co-Creation between Organisations and Consumers Co-creation, the new term for participatory design, is an emerging trend in design research, which involves users and other stakeholders in the design development process. The key question this research addresses is, ’How can organisations cocreate effectively with consumers at the idea-generation stage of the NPD process?’ A strategic framework was built using insights from three case studies, semistructured interviews with organisations in the UK, and observations from Action Research. Effective co-creation takes time and effort to plan and manage, but when practised with all the key elements in mind, as suggested in the framework, it can be of valuable benefit to organisations who wish to develop innovative products and services which better suit the needs and wants of their consumers. Julia Hamid, Youngok Choi
ABSTRACT: Research Methods for Understanding Participatory Innovation in SME In this paper the implications of different research approaches and methods are illustrated by using two projects of the authors. Both projects take place in the same context: exploring participatory innovation within Small-to-Medium sized Enterprizes (SMEs). The main aspects coming forward when comparing the research characteristics of both projects are the importance of time and momentum, the structural set up of the project, people or participants and the abilities of the people involved. The research goal and the background of the researcher are main determinants for the chosen research methods. We hope with this paper to make researchers aware of the implications of the research methods and approach on the results of the project. Christine De Lille, Mark Asboe
ABSTRACT: Different Views: Including Others in Participatory Health Service Innovation We describe our experiences employing experience-based design (EBD) to improve an outpatients health service in the UK and discuss the impacts of incorporating the voices of those not directly using or working within the service. We suggest that such new perspectives, experiences and expertise may enable the development of service innovations outside patients’ and staffs’ conceptual space of problems/solutions, but can affect the ownership and agency within the change project. To conclude, we propose a balance between accomplishing change and creating the self-belief to achieve it. Simon Bowen, Daniel Wolstenholme, Andy Dearden, Mark Cobb, Peter Wright
ABSTRACT: Innovation Process in Thai University and Animation Industry Linkage Every academic year, Thai universities have been producing graduate students to industry. In the context of Animation studies, students must present their senior project to committee and obtain their approval for graduating. A number of projects were submitted and many surpass the requirements. Unfortunately, these outstanding projects are simply neglected and that therefore become a waste of valuable resources as these projects can be further developed to commercialize in the industry. However, the linkage of University with the relevant industry does not yet exist. Qualitative approach was implemented to investigate NPD (New Product Development) process used in Universities i.e. senior projects and review literature regarding NPD process in the Animation industry to identify proper connection between both sectors in hopes to optimising existing resources and strengthening Thailand’s Creative Economy. Permsak Suwannatat, Pongpun Anuntvoranich, Achara Chandrachai
ABSTRACT: Open Innovation Projects with Universities as Seen from the Companies Projects are in the core of a present-day university. University-company -collaboration projects are an essential way of work and a part of national innovation systems. But what companies think of the collaboration projects? Why they still participate, even in the evaluations all projects do not appear successful. The aim of the research is to construct understanding about meaning of the projects from the companies’ point of view. The paper highlights the importance of social interaction and active participation from the firms’ point of view. The purpose of the study is to consider especially academic design projects as a part of national innovation system and an actor of collaboration projects. Kati Vehmas
ABSTRACT: Company-User Collaboration for Discontinuous Idea Impulses: The Cognitive Distance of Users This paper describes a making activity in a stakeholder session, facilitated by industrial design students. The purpose of the activity was to enable the stakeholders to gain insight into a particular issue of their concern. The paper reports on questions that arose from the reflections of both the students and the organisers of the module within which the students conducted their activity. Here, we explore: how can stakeholders be reassured and led in a making activity? And how important is it that stakeholders actually make, or are their verbal contributions just as valuable? The paper focuses in detail on an 18 minute segment of the described making activity that is also analysed by Nevile (2011) in order to facilitate a discussion between our and Nevile’s perspective. Martin Hewing, Katharina Hölzle
ABSTRACT: Mobilizing Local and Regional Knowledge for Innovation The aim of this theoretical paper is to contribute to an understanding of collaborative innovation in a knowledge based economy. The main theme in collaborative innovation we take to be mobilizing local and regional knowledge supported through research and education. The aim is supporting local and regional economic growth, co-operative advantage, social cohesion and sustainable development. Drawing on Systems Design Philosophy we apply a systemic approach to design, innovation and entrepreneurship in complex adaptive systems. We search for a theoretical framework for participatory innovation, with local and regional community building and have identified eight systemic methodologies which may be interrelated: (1) The PentaHelix Model; (2) Knowledge Based Communities of Practice; (3) Value Network Analysis for Innovation Potentials; (4) Generative Themes in Transformative Learning, (5) Social Learning and Narratives as Knowledge Enabling; (6) Knowledge and Fitness Landscapes; (7) ICT for Design, Innovation and Entrepreneurship; (8) Strategy as Guiding Principles for Action. We explicate our way of thinking through illustrations and descriptions, but recognize that we do not fully succeed with a theoretical integration. Our next step is practice – applying the methodologies in collaborative project which may allow us to unfold a coherent theoretical frame for our work. Martina Sophia Bach, Janni Nielsen, Thea Bruun de Neergaard, Leif Bloch Rasmussen
ABSTRACT: A Conceptual Approach to Facilitate Joint Creation Interactions of Product Design Processes Collective knowledge structures for co-creation can be achieved by a process of collaborative argumentation, organized in knowledge structures, and represented by knowledge models. In previous empirical tests carried out to collect and select innovative ideas from users and employees, an aggregation of ideas of individual contributions, but not a true collaborative creation based on those ideas, was observed. In our approach we propose a process for the collaborative construction of arguments, and a knowledge structure based on the integration of arguments in Knowledge Component Models and Knowledge Metamodels. Finally, we conclude that the work carried out to understand the interactions that take place in the social construction of knowledge structures helps us to comprehend co-creation and goes further than the simple collection of ideas, contributing to a quantity reduction of unconnected information, to the improvement of the quality of proposals, and to understand, not only what is proposed by users, but also why those proposals are important to them. José Luis Giraldo-Henao, José Javier Aguilar-Zambrano
ABSTRACT: Three Models for Transforming Knowledge Control/Sharing for Co-innovation Despite considerable exuberance about the value-creation potential of co-innovation, some findings expose a problematic ‘darker side.’ Without a transformation of the knowledge control/sharing approach characteristic of closed innovation some analysts suggest that co-innovation in unlikely to be successful. Our exploratory study was designed to draw on intangibles management perspectives in efforts to answer the research question: Why are some firms able to implement effective intangibles-based approaches for transforming knowledge control/sharing for innovation with external stakeholders while others are not? This work contributes to the design research field through providing a more detailed and nuanced view of the knowledge control/sharing transformation process with its ‘models of organizing for participatory innovation’ centered on human capital, structural capital and relational capital. Patricia Plankett, Christiana Parisi
ABSTRACT: Organizing for Participatory Innovation across Composite Boundaries and Collaborations Leadership and organizing increasingly require focus on innovation processes. The recently published report by OECD (2010: p. 10) clearly highlights that the financial crisis has only increased the need for innovation. The result is an intensified need for new organising across boundaries and collaborations aiming for higher returns on limited resources. The agenda is set to find out how organizing composite boundaries and collaborations can enable participatory innovation. A process approach relying on action research is employed in eight companies connected to an innovative course, which aims for innovation ‘turned on its head’. The main findings reveal an important contribution from designing flexible processes, which support participants to be aware of composite underlying assumptions and utilize collaboration with other students from companies with very different backgrounds. It reveals an insight on flexible participatory designs. A theoretical contribution is provided on the impact on variety and a practical contribution is made on how flexible designs can be organized for participatory innovation in companies. Tove Brink
ABSTRACT: Participatory Service Innovation in Healthcare: The Case of Video Consultation for Paraplegics Participatory Design (PD) provides a variety of tools and techniques for involving users in innovation processes. However, user involvement in PD is often limited to singular, face-to-face events supporting short-term rather than continuous collaborative relationships between users and system developers. Such a traditional PD approach is limited within a complex multi-actor context like the field of healthcare services. Based on an action research approach we developed a participation process, which builds upon open innovation approaches. It includes methods for Distributed PD (DPD) that use social media to enrich traditional PD methods, thus enabling users to participate in a distributed (i.e. virtual) way. We applied this methodological approach in a case study revolving around the delivery of video consultation services for paraplegics. The process and outcomes of participation were analysed through formative evaluation based on work psychological models. Our results regarding the combination of distributed, participatory idea generation with face-to-face scenario co-creation on basis of user-generated content show great potential for supporting continuous collaboration in service innovation. Julia Klammer, Fred van den Anker, Monique Janneck
ABSTRACT: Start With a Small Ball of Snow Meanings as Tools for Participative Innovation This paper presents results from an action research study into a strategic change process in an organization, which aims to establish new innovation practices through introduction of a new digital idea processing system. For the research we have interviewed employees in order to gather different meanings that have emerged once the new system has come in touch with actual work practices. The results are related theoretically to science and technology studies. Based on the results we propose a participative co-design method for providing a platform for the negotiation of these meanings. Juha Kronqvist, Anna Salmi, Päivi Pöyry-Lassila
ABSTRACT: Balancing Value in Networked Social Innovation Innovation increasingly takes place through co-operation. Even more so in the case of social innovation, where profit and non-profit organisations collaborate to create solutions for societal issues. For these innovations to become successful, already early in the process it needs to be clear to the participating organisations that they will be able to gain value in return for their investments in the creation of the service proposition. This means that, together with the proposition, a business model needs to be designed, that provides insight in the feasibility and attractiveness of the total proposition, as well as in the value for the various participants separately. Building on existing methods, a 5-step approach was developed to support the process of refining the overall proposition together with the participating organisations, and at the same time checking the balance in value flow for each of them. This paper describes the approach to balance value in networked social innovations using one project as example. Elke den Ouden, Rianne Valkenburg
ABSTRACT: Principles for Business Modeling with Novice Users Business modeling implies to frame the organizational knowledge using a particular thinking tool. Applying those thinking tools requires education and experience, i.e. expert knowledge. In participatory design sessions most users are novices to the thinking tool that is used. This paper identifies guiding principles for experts working with novices in participatory design sessions. We illustrate the application of our principles to business modeling approaches by examples. Alexander Lübbe
ABSTRACT: Sustainable Energy for Demining Operations It is very difficult for companies in the industrialised West to establish business in developing countries, both because of lack of knowledge of local conditions and procedures, and because there is less infrastructure to rely on. This paper describes a case of an innovation project in which four small, Danish companies work with an NGO and two university partners to develop a sustainable energy solution for humanitarian landmine removal in Angola as an alternative to the presently used diesel generators. I will discuss the challenges that face the companies, if they are to bring the project through to establishing successful business. The challenges include defining what the value proposition actually is, picking customer segments, building customer relations, and finding ways of financing and organising a joint venture. Jacob Buur, Winie Finnemann
ABSTRACT: An Open Innovation Platform Focusing on Development Countries The objective of the paper was to propose a new open innovation platform focusing on the special needs of customers in developing countries. Although technical infrastructures supporting the utilization of open innovation platforms have been developing rapidly in developing countries, there is a lot of unused potential as regards to using open innovation in developing countries. In comparison to developed countries, the business environment in developing countries is very different and customers demand different products and non-similar product features. Thus, the existing models for platforms can not, as such, be applied in developing countries. In the proposed new open innovation platform, direct contacts with the contributors were amended with contacts utilizing intermediaries such as nongovernment organizations and various social groups. Money for the platform can be generated at least from three different revenue sources: telecommunication companies, companies using the platforms, and website advertisements. Mokter Hossain, Ilkka Kauranen
ABSTRACT: Articulating Value Proposition Through Video Gaming Video gaming is emerging as a strong communication medium. As its adoption becomes more widespread, corporations that are looking at alternative methods of internal and external communications would benefit from participating in conversations facilitated by gaming. H.E.R.B. is an experimental interactive narrative that aims to communicate the unique value proposition of Servodan’s flagship Luxstat LED Luminaire system. Simultaneously, H.E.R.B. is also a proof of concept that suggests that there are other potential practical applications of games to help assist using the language of gaming. Kah Chan
ABSTRACT: Daylight Systems of Servodan This paper presents the case of presents the case of a Danish company- Servodan and the challenges that the company is to face with its new product called ‘daylight’. The case is based on the cooperative project between the company and University of Southern Denmark. The paper provides a general introduction to the company activity and product characteristic. Next, the background of the project and data gathering processes is briefly described. The evaluative part of the case opens with indicating the Servodan’s contingency and the core of the challenge that company faces. Subsequently, the base for an analysis framework is developed and ideas for value offer proposed. The case ends with a concluding questions and the invitation for further analysis for conference participants. Bart Wozniak
ABSTRACT: The NGO Herrgårds Kvinnorförening This case explores how a non-governmental organisation (NGO) of immigrant women, Herrgårds Kvinnoförening (HKF), living on social security could become an entrepreneurial group offering services and products based on their skills and competences. In this way they could challenge the role of immigrants in Swedish society, from being a burden to become a socio-economical resource. HKF has some peculiar characteristics that have to be taken in consideration in a successful business: they are strong as a group but weak as individuals and they have intangible qualities that cannot be externalised as proper skills. Another crucial issue for a possible business proposal is how to structure the relationships with the system of actors surrounding HKF that could support them in overcoming their weaknesses. The case has been developed using a participatory design process. Some prototyping and trying out of possible offers have been carried out using co-design methodology. Anna Seravalli, Per-Anders Hillgren, Anders Emilson
ABSTRACT: Using Extreme Sketching to Help Reflections on Business The paper presents extreme sketching as a sketching method that uses humour and extreme situations to aid thinking, talking and memory. The paper reports on two cases where extreme sketching was used to aid business thinking in small companies, specially focusing on how the sketches were used to inspire reflection in situ and how they were later used as memory aids and inspirational documentation. Mie Nørgaard
ABSTRACT: Digital Map Services for Outdoor Leisure This paper presents a collaborative project, where novel business opportunities for new kinds of map services are explored. The companies involved are facing a challenge: how to survive in the change of fundamental structures that underlie their business? The project will explore opportunities related to a new kind of service platform, which enables new places for organisations and users to encounter in fruitful collaboration. Due to the extensive complexity of the networked situation, good planning is very valuable in order to discover feasible business opportunities in the whole. The paper introduces the partners including their motives, the new platform, and the intended overall process. Salu Ylirisku, Jari-Pekka Kola, Hannu Lohi, Tapani Mikkola, Risto Pekkanen, Tiina Sarjakoski, Sture Udd
ABSTRACT: Multichannel Co-creation in Web based Environments The concept of user or customer coproduction (or co-creation) has been mentioned in the managerial and in the service design literature on several occasions. It has been discussed in the marketing literature because of its perceived importance as a tool for increasing customer satisfaction and product success in the market, in other words, converting customers into co-producers is a very powerful tool to generate competitive effectiveness (Kelley, Donnelly and Skinner 1990). In design literature, a strong emphasis has been given to the tools that can ease the access to participatory design by users and customers (Bødker and Buur 2002; Battarbee 2003) and improve their overall experience (Allen 1993; Cain 1998; Forlizzi and Ford 2000). Fabrizio Maria Pini
ABSTRACT: Design led Innovation - Exploring the Synthesis of Needs, Technologies and Business Models The term Design is used to describe a wide range of activities. Like the term innovation, it is often used to describe both an activity and an outcome. Many products and services are often described as being designed, as they describe a conscious process of linking form and function. Alternatively, the many and varied processes of design are often used to describe a cost centre of an organisation to demonstrate a particular competency. However design is often not used to describe the ‘value’ it provides to an organisation and more importantly the ‘value’ it provides to both existing and future customers. Design Led Innovation bridges this gap. Design Led Innovation is a process of creating a sustainable competitive advantage, by radically changing the customer value proposition. A conceptual model has been developed to assist organisations apply and embed design in a company’s vision, strategy, culture, leadership and development processes. Sam Bucolo, Judy Matthews
ABSTRACT: Collectively Staging Business Models Most current methods to visualize business models employ inanimate objects as representations of specific business model elements. Using people as representatives and staging collectively how an organization creates, delivers and captures value, one can produce a unifying picture of the business as well as fresh insights. Building on work by Osterwalder and Pigneur, this paper suggests the Butterfly Model as an alternative template for visualizing business models in up to six stages of construction: (1) basic staging to ensure a general picture, (2) the value chain and (3) the revenue model, (4) the business environment and (5) competitors to complete the view of an organization`s environment. In addition (6) a SWOT can be incorporated as well. Bernd Ankenbrand
ABSTRACT: The Business Modeling Lab This paper presents a set of techniques for modelling business in rich, tangible formats. These tangible formats were developed in companies and educational settings and have proven extraordinarily successful in initiating conversations about how to innovate business in cross-disciplinary and cross-functional groups of participants. Our aim here is to provide an overview of the techniques and the state of our research rather than a detailed argument for each of them. This is still work in progress, but the results are so convincing that we offer to publish although some of the factors that contribute to the success we cannot yet explain. Jacob Buur, Robb Mitchell
ABSTRACT: Cradle to cradle Implementation at Desso DESSO started out in 1930 as a Belgian manufacturer producing woven carpets in Oss, the Netherlands, for residential and commercial applications. In 1980, DESSO added artificial grass products aimed at the international sport market to their product portfolio. After being acquired first by a German and then by an American company, DESSO became independent again in 2007. Today DESSO has grown to be a multinational firm headquartered in Waalwijk, the Netherlands with over a thousand employees worldwide. [1] Johan Henk Maarse
ABSTRACT: Initiating Multi-stakeholder Innovation with Tangible Value Modeling In the initiation phase of multi-stakeholder innovation projects communication between the initiators and potential stakeholders, including end users, is of great importance. At this early stage only an initial set of ideas and concepts are available and the business models as well as the consortium of stakeholders have yet to be determined. Existing design innovation and innovation management research focuses either on the design of the innovative offerings or on the design of the innovation network and business models. The overlap between creating the value proposition and creating the business model has not received much attention. This paper explores the use of tangible value models by visualizing for each stakeholder the exchanged values related to initial ideas and concepts, to encourage the process of participatory innovation. Yuan Li, Kees Dorst, Jeroen Keijzers
ABSTRACT: Business Modeling for Early Entrepreneurial Ventures The main question in the paper is if participatory business modeling could help entrepreneurs in the early stages of their ventures when resources are scarce and all tasks need to be done simultaneously. The discussion in the paper draws on experiences from an entrepreneurial internship program arranged by the Norwegian School of Management and Oslo Innovation Centre during the summer of 2010. 13 master-students-cum-interns worked in start-up companies and were active participants in real-life business modeling processes. The stakeholders in this specific learning process were entrepreneurs, interns and supervisors. The paper raises the question if it could be possible to include formal business modeling methods to improve on the process. Furthermore, could it be feasible to include also other stakeholders earlier in the process? Sam Bucolo, Judy Matthews

TRACK 5

PUBLIC PROCUREMENT OF PARTICIPATORY INNOVATION

ABSTRACT: Tracking the DNA of Public Private Welfare Innovation Public Private welfare innovation - contributions to the identifi cation of success factors of a new innovation paradigm Rethinking public welfare will be a major task for all European welfare stats. One approach to these challenges is to form public private innovation projects – making public challenges, private opportunities. Copenhagen Living Lab have worked with the public private innovation paradigm for the last 4 year, and recently concluded a short research project for the Danish Enterprise and Construction Authority (Ministry for Economic and Business Aff airs) on the topic. It’s not trivial to do this kind multi stakeholder innovation project across public and private domains. But organizing the innovation process around a shared interest in user needs will help… In this analysis we have investigated the challenges that PPI projects are facing, and searched for the key that determines success. Thomas Hammer-Jakobsen, Mie Bjerre
ABSTRACT: Endogenous Institutions for User producer Interaction in Public Procurement of Innovation Since the turn of the century European policy makers have been changing their focus in innovation policy from supply side measures to demand side measures and specifically on how public procurement can be used to stimulate innovation in the European Union. This is a response to increasing concern for how the European nations can maintain their competitive advantage and maintain their welfare in the globalized economy with ever aging populations. This paper is based on innovation theory and uses institutional focus to investigate public procurement of innovation. Recent work in this field has focused on endogenous institutions rather than exogenous and this paper deals with how endogenous institutions in the context of user-producer interaction influence public procurement of innovation. The preliminary results of the empirical studies cited in this paper suggest that the endogenous institutions in user-producer interaction need to be understood better in order to understand the institutional set up that enables public procurement of innovation. Rannveig Edda Hjaltadóttir
ABSTRACT: Exogenous Institutional Re-design for Successful Procurement of Innovation: the Case of the Public health section in southern denmark Within the European Union, public procurement is subject to Community rules. Under these rules public sector must follow transparent open procedures ensuring fair conditions of competition for suppliers. This study discusses how those rules, specifically, exogenous institutions, can enable or prevent public procurement of innovation in order to come up with the necessary implications for successful and/or more efficient procurement process. It should be noted that the present is a preliminary product from a Master thesis research which, at the same time, is part of the ProcSouth project. The study is based on empirical research material consisting of two case studies from a Danish scenario. The analysis concentrates on institutional barriers for public procurement of innovation. The central theme emerged from the uncertainty regarding methods and procedures to make public procurement of innovation work in practice. The concepts of innovation, public procurement and institutions are used as theoretical tools to interpret the data. Prelude results from the present imply that there are aspects to be improved for public procurement of innovation to be effective. Edelnora Gisela Abonce Perez
ABSTRACT: Building up Commitment at the Finnish Renovation Industry This paper illustrates a special case in public procurement of innovation: a collaborative user-oriented R&D project representing the ‘fuzzy front end’ of innovation taking place before pre-commercial procurement. The project called ‘IKE’ generated an innovation of resident-oriented apartment building modernization, which was revolutionary in the strictly technology-oriented and conservative industry. The proactive project strengthened the dialogical connection between public and private sector and built up significant stakeholders’ commitment to resident-orientation at the renovation sector. According to the case study, stakeholders committing to the user centred process innovation required three preconditions: technical and social pressures, interweaving stakeholders to a development network, and the unique engagement of residents and professionals in co-design workshops. Katja Soini, Turkka Keinonen
ABSTRACT: Conceptual Framework for Public Private Innovation Networks (PPIN): a Technological Perspective In this study, we investigate the conceptual framework for public private innovation network (PPIN) to figure out the basic components that lead to the implementation of an efficient process of innovation. Four main internal components are included to build the conceptual framework: 1) inclusions of heterogeneous public and private actors in PPIN collaborate or interact between each other, where each has his own preferences, knowledge and technological competences. 2) Dynamic and evolutionary interaction processes. 3) The interaction-processes (ties decoupling and fragmentation) are combined with the emergence of social network, which would lead to generate knowledge disclosure between the heterogeneous agents. 4) The innovation network follow life cycle growth model, where in each stage of life cycle a set of new interactions and innovation activities take place. In addition, organizational and institutional competences are presented as complementary factors to facilitate efficient implementation of the conceptual framework. Rabeh Morrar
ABSTRACT: Intelligent Public Demand Recent work has pointed towards a new age of innovation that is emerging and affecting both the public and private sector. To survive, companies must respond to finding solutions to global challenges, such as climate change and poverty, as well as participating in solving the welfare challenges that are prominent in particular in the western world. At the same time, the public sector must become more innovative in order to deal with the economic pressure on welfare services, and lack of warm hands. Intelligent public demand is identified as one of the solutions to these identified challenges. This article is based on the recently published report by FORA, Intelligent Public Demand and Innovative Public Tenders. By interviewing 40 people in public organizations in UK, Finland, US and the Netherlands the study conducted an analysis of leading organizations and their experiences of using intelligent public demand to solve major societal challenges. Two distinct findings emerged from the study: (1) major societal challenges and the desire to create a more innovative society means that intelligent public demand and innovative public procurement will play an important role in future innovation policies; and (2) further it is believed that countries especially in Europe can learn from the experiences described in this study and find inspiration to prioritize the use of intelligent public demand and innovative public procurement. Anne Dorthe Josiassen